Plug in CA Certificates

This task shows how administrators can configure the Istio certificate authority (CA) with a root certificate, signing certificate and key.

By default, Istio’s CA generates a self-signed root certificate and key, and uses them to sign the workload certificates. Istio’s CA can also sign workload certificates using an administrator-specified certificate and key, and with an administrator-specified root certificate.

A root CA is used by all workloads within a mesh as the root of trust. Each Istio CA uses an intermediate CA signing key and certificate, signed by the root CA. When multiple Istio CAs exist within a mesh, this establishes a hierarchy of trust among the CAs.

This task demonstrates how to generate and plug in the certificates and key for Istio’s CA. These steps can be repeated to provision certificates and keys for any number of Istio CAs.

Plug in certificates and key into the cluster

1. Create a directory for holding certificates and keys:

   $ mkdir -p certs
   $ pushd certs
   

2. Generate the root certificate and key:

   $ make -f ../tools/certs/Makefile.selfsigned.mk root-ca
   

   This will generate the following files:

   • root-cert.pem: the generated root certificate
   • root-key.pem: the generated root key
   • root-ca.conf: the configuration for openssl to generate the root certificate
   • root-cert.csr: the generated CSR for the root certificate

3. Generate an intermediate certificate and key:

   $ make -f ../tools/certs/Makefile.selfsigned.mk cluster1-cacerts
   

   This will generate the following files in a directory named cluster1:

   • ca-cert.pem: the generated intermediate certificates
   • ca-key.pem: the generated intermediate key
   • cert-chain.pem: the generated certificate chain which is used by istiod
   • root-cert.pem: the root certificate
   • intermediate.conf: the configuration for openssl to generate the intermediate certificate
   • cluster-ca.csr: the generated CSR for the intermediate certificate

   If you are doing this on an offline machine, copy the generated directory to a machine with access to the clusters.

4. Create a secret cacerts including all the input files ca-cert.pem, ca-key.pem, root-cert.pem and cert-chain.pem:

   $ kubectl create namespace istio-system
   $ kubectl create secret generic cacerts -n istio-system \
         --from-file=cluster1/ca-cert.pem \
         --from-file=cluster1/ca-key.pem \
         --from-file=cluster1/root-cert.pem \
         --from-file=cluster1/cert-chain.pem
   

5. Return to the top-level directory of the Istio installation:

   $ popd
   

Deploy Istio

1. Deploy Istio using the demo profile.

   Istio’s CA will read certificates and key from the secret-mount files.

   $ istioctl install --set profile=demo
   

Deploying example services

1. Deploy the httpbin and sleep sample services.

   $ kubectl create ns foo
   $ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml) -n foo
   $ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f samples/sleep/sleep.yaml) -n foo
   

2. Deploy a policy for workloads in the foo namespace to only accept mutual TLS traffic.

   $ kubectl apply -n foo -f - <<EOF
   apiVersion: "security.istio.io/v1beta1"
   kind: "PeerAuthentication"
   metadata:
     name: "default"
   spec:
     mtls:
       mode: STRICT
   EOF
   

Verifying the certificates

In this section, we verify that workload certificates are signed by the certificates that we plugged into the CA. This requires you have openssl installed on your machine.

1. Sleep 20 seconds for the mTLS policy to take effect before retrieving the certificate chain of httpbin. As the CA certificate used in this example is self-signed, the verify error:num=19:self signed certificate in certificate chain error returned by the openssl command is expected.

   $ sleep 20; kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c istio-proxy -n foo -- openssl s_client -showcerts -connect httpbin.foo:8000 > httpbin-proxy-cert.txt
   

2. Parse the certificates on the certificate chain.

   $ sed -n '/-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----/{:start /-----END CERTIFICATE-----/!{N;b start};/.*/p}' httpbin-proxy-cert.txt > certs.pem
   $ awk 'BEGIN {counter=0;} /BEGIN CERT/{counter++} { print > "proxy-cert-" counter ".pem"}' < certs.pem
   

3. Verify the root certificate is the same as the one specified by the administrator:

   $ openssl x509 -in certs/cluster1/root-cert.pem -text -noout > /tmp/root-cert.crt.txt
   $ openssl x509 -in ./proxy-cert-3.pem -text -noout > /tmp/pod-root-cert.crt.txt
   $ diff -s /tmp/root-cert.crt.txt /tmp/pod-root-cert.crt.txt
   Files /tmp/root-cert.crt.txt and /tmp/pod-root-cert.crt.txt are identical
   

4. Verify the CA certificate is the same as the one specified by the administrator:

   $ openssl x509 -in certs/cluster1/ca-cert.pem -text -noout > /tmp/ca-cert.crt.txt
   $ openssl x509 -in ./proxy-cert-2.pem -text -noout > /tmp/pod-cert-chain-ca.crt.txt
   $ diff -s /tmp/ca-cert.crt.txt /tmp/pod-cert-chain-ca.crt.txt
   Files /tmp/ca-cert.crt.txt and /tmp/pod-cert-chain-ca.crt.txt are identical
   

5. Verify the certificate chain from the root certificate to the workload certificate:

   $ openssl verify -CAfile <(cat certs/cluster1/ca-cert.pem certs/cluster1/root-cert.pem) ./proxy-cert-1.pem
   ./proxy-cert-1.pem: OK
   

Cleanup

• Remove the certificates, keys, and intermediate files from your local disk:

  $ rm -rf certs
  

• Remove the secret cacerts, and the foo and istio-system namespaces:

  $ kubectl delete secret cacerts -n istio-system
  $ kubectl delete ns foo istio-system
  

• To remove the Istio components: follow the uninstall instructions to remove.